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1.
Indian J Biochem Biophys ; 2011 Feb; 48(1): 7-13
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-135294

ABSTRACT

ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters utilize the energy present in cellular ATP to drive the translocation of structurally diverse set of solutes across the membrane barriers of eubacteria, archaebacteria and eukaryotes. In bacteria, these transporters are considered to be important virulence factors because they play role in nutrient uptake and in the secretion of toxins. The advances in structural determination and functional analysis of bacterial transporters have greatly increased our understanding of the mechanism of transport of these ABC transporters. Although progress in the field of structural biology has been made with the prokaryotic family members, it is likely that eukaryotic transporters will utilize the same mechanisms for translocation process. In this review, we summarize the function of the known MsbA ABC transporters in E. coli and mechanistic insights from structural and possible flippase mechanism studies.


Subject(s)
ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/chemistry , ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/metabolism , Adenosine Triphosphate/chemistry , Bacterial Proteins/chemistry , Bacterial Proteins/metabolism , Biological Transport/physiology , Dimerization , Escherichia coli/metabolism , Hydrolysis , Membrane Transport Proteins/chemistry , Membrane Transport Proteins/metabolism , Phospholipid Transfer Proteins/chemistry , Phospholipid Transfer Proteins/metabolism , Protein Structure, Secondary , Protein Structure, Tertiary
2.
Arq. bras. cardiol ; 92(2): 100-106, fev. 2009. graf, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-511100

ABSTRACT

FUNDAMENTO: O diabete melito tipo 2 (DM2) é um fator de risco isolado para coronariopatia, principalmente quando associado à microalbuminúria (MA). Alterações estruturais e funcionais das lipoproteínas não são totalmente esclarecidas nesse contexto. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a transferência de lípides para HDL (T) em pacientes DM2 e a associação com a presença da MA e com o tratamento com estatina ou insulina. MÉTODOS: Estudamos 33 pacientes com DM2 e 34 controles pareados para idade. Uma nanoemulsão lipídica artificial radiomarcada com ³H-Triglicéride (TG) e 14C-colesterol livre (CL) ou ³H-colesterol éster (CE) e 14C-fosfolípide (FL) foi incubada com plasma. A nanoemulsão e as lipoproteínas foram precipitadas, exceto a HDL, que teve sua radioatividade contada. RESULTADOS: A TFL ( por cento) foi maior no grupo com DM2 que no grupo-controle (25,2±3,2 e 19,7±3,2 respectivamente; p < 0,001), assim como a TCL ( por cento): 9,1±2,7 e 6,3±1,5 respectivamente; p < 0,001. O diagnóstico de MA não se associou a mudanças da propriedade de transferência. O uso da insulina associou-se à menor TFL ( por cento): 23,5±2,1 contra 26,1±3,3; p = 0,018. Já o uso da estatina associou-se à queda de todas - TCE ( por cento): 3,5±0,9; TFL ( por cento):23,8±2,0; TTG ( por cento): 3,9±0,8; TCL ( por cento):7,4±1,3 - quando comparado ao grupo que não usava estatina (TCE ( por cento):5,9±2,4; TFL ( por cento):26,9±3,6; TTG ( por cento):6,4±2,2; TCL ( por cento):11,1±2,6). CONCLUSÃO: O DM2 aumentou a transferência de lípides de superfície para HDL, enquanto o uso de estatina diminuiu todas as transferências de lípides. A presença de MA não se associou às alterações das transferências de lípides.


BACKGROUND: Type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is an isolated risk factor for coronary artery disease, especially when associated with microalbuminuria (MA). Structural and functional changes in lipoproteins have not yet been fully elucidated in this context. OBJECTIVE: To assess lipid transfer (T) to HDL in type-2 diabetic patients and its association with microalbuminuria and treatment with statins or insulin. METHODS: Thirty-three patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus and 34 age-matched control subjects were studied. A synthetic cholesterol-rich nanoemulsion radiolabeled with ³H- triglycerides (TG) and 14C-free cholesterol (FC) or ³H- cholesteryl ester (CE) and 14C-phospholipids (PL) was incubated with plasma. Both the nanoemulsion and lipoproteins were precipitated, except for HDL, which was counted for radioactivity. RESULTS: PLT ( percent) was higher in the T2DM group than in the control group (25.2 ± 3.2 and 19.7 ± 3.2 respectively; p < 0.001), as was free cholesterol ( percent FC): 9.1 ± 2.7 and 6.3 ± 1.5 respectively; p < 0.001. The diagnosis of microalbuminuria (MA) was not associated with changes in lipid transfers. Insulin therapy was associated with lower PLT rates: 23.5 ± 2.1 versus 26.1 ± 3.3; p = 0.018. Statin therapy, in turn, was associated with a drop in all lipid transfers - CET 3.5 ± 0.9; PLT: 23.8 ± 2.0; TGT: 3.9 ± 0.8; FCT: 7.4 ± 1.3 - as compared to the group that was not on statin therapy (CET: 5.9 ± 2.4; PLT: 26.9 ± 3.6; TGT: 6.4 ± 2.2; FCT: 11.1 ± 2.6). CONCLUSION:Type-2 diabetes mellitus increased lipid transfer to HDL particles, whereas statin therapy decreased all lipid transfers. The presence of MA was not associated with changes in lipid transfer.


FUNDAMENTO: La diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) es un factor de riesgo aislado para coronariopatía, principalmente cuando asociado a la microalbuminuria (MA). Alteraciones estructurales y funcionales de las lipoproteínas no están totalmente aclaradas en ese contexto. OBJETIVO: Evaluar no sólo la transferencia de lípidos hacia HDL (T) en pacientes DM2, sino también la asociación tanto con la presencia de la MA como con el tratamiento con estatina o insulina. MÉTODOS: Estudiamos a 33 pacientes con DM2 y 34 controles pareados para edad. Se incubó con plasma una nanoemulsión lipídica artificial radiomarcada con ³H-Triglicérido (TG) y 14C-colesterol libre (CL) o ³H-colesterol esterificado (CE) y 14C-fosfolípido (FL). Se procedió a la precipitación de la nanoemulsión y de las lipoproteínas, con excepción de la HDL, que tuvo su radioactividad contada. RESULTADOS: El valor de TFL ( por ciento) resultó mayor en el grupo con DM2 en confrontación con el grupo-control (25,2±3,2 y 19,7±3,2 respectivamente; p < 0,001); la TCL ( por ciento), por su vez, obtuvo los siguientes resultados: 9,1±2,7 y 6,3±1,5 respectivamente; p < 0,001. El diagnóstico de MA no se asoció a cambios de la propiedad de transferencia. El uso de la insulina se asoció al menor valor de TFL ( por ciento): 23,5±2,1 vs 26,1±3,3; p = 0,018. Ya el uso de la estatina se asoció a la baja del valor de todas las lipoproteínas - TCE ( por ciento): 3,5±0,9; TFL ( por ciento):23,8±2,0; TTG ( por ciento): 3,9±0,8; TCL ( por ciento):7,4±1,3 - si comparado al grupo que no usaba estatina (TCE ( por ciento):5,9±2,4; TFL ( por ciento):26,9±3,6; TTG ( por ciento):6,4±2,2; TCL ( por ciento):11,1±2,6). CONCLUSIONES: El DM2 aumentó la transferencia de lípidos de superficie hacia HDL, mientras que el uso de estatina disminuyó todas las transferencias de lípidos. La presencia de MA no se asoció a las alteraciones de las transferencias de lípidos.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Albuminuria/complications , /drug therapy , Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use , Insulin/therapeutic use , Lipoproteins, HDL/metabolism , Albuminuria/drug therapy , Albuminuria/metabolism , Body Mass Index , Case-Control Studies , Cholesterol Ester Transfer Proteins/drug effects , Cholesterol Ester Transfer Proteins/metabolism , /metabolism , Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Phospholipid Transfer Proteins/metabolism
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